SAP (Special Access Program)
A Special Access Program (SAP) is a classified program with security requirements that exceed those of standard Top Secret information. SAPs impose additional access controls, including specific approval processes and need-to-know restrictions.
Quick Facts
| Base requirement | Typically Top Secret clearance |
| Additional vetting | Program-specific approval required |
| Access scope | Limited to specific program |
| Polygraph | Often required |
| Oversight | Varies by program type |
What Makes SAPs Different
SAPs are established when normal classification protections are deemed insufficient for particularly sensitive information[1]. Key characteristics include:
- Restricted access lists - Only specifically approved individuals can access the program
- Enhanced physical security - May require dedicated facilities
- Compartmentalization - Information is isolated from other classified programs
- Additional NDAs - Program-specific non-disclosure agreements
Types of SAPs
There are two main categories[2]:
Acknowledged SAPs
- The existence of the program can be publicly confirmed
- Congress receives some oversight information
- Examples include certain weapons development programs
Unacknowledged SAPs (USAPs)
- The existence of the program itself is classified
- Also called "black programs"
- Very limited Congressional notification
Access Requirements
Getting access to a SAP requires[3]:
- An appropriate base clearance (usually Top Secret)
- Demonstrated need-to-know for that specific program
- Program manager approval
- Additional background review or polygraph (varies by program)
- Signing program-specific security agreements
Having a Top Secret or even TS/SCI clearance does not grant automatic access to any SAP.
SAP vs. SCI
While both SAP and SCI involve compartmented access beyond standard clearances, they serve different purposes:
| SAP | SCI |
|---|---|
| Protects programs/projects | Protects intelligence sources and methods |
| Various oversight structures | Intelligence community oversight |
| Program-specific access | Compartment-based access |
Some programs require both SAP and SCI access.
Related
References
- ^ Executive Order 13526: Classified National Security Information. National Archives. Accessed 2026-01-08.
- ^ Security Clearance Process: Answers to Frequently Asked Questions. Congressional Research Service. Accessed 2026-01-10.
- ^ DoDI 5200.02: DoD Personnel Security Program. Department of Defense. Accessed 2026-01-08.